J Diet Suppl. 2016;13(4):449-60. doi: 10.3109/19390211.2015.1108946. Epub 2015 Dec 16.
The Neuroprotective Effect of Dark Chocolate in Monosodium Glutamate-Induced Nontransgenic Alzheimer Disease Model Rats: Biochemical, Behavioral, and Histological Studies.
Abstract
The
vulnerability to oxidative stress and cognitive decline continue to
increase during both normal and pathological aging. Dietary changes and
sedentary life style resulting in mid-life obesity and type 2 diabetes,
if left uncorrected, further add to the risk of cognitive decline and
Alzheimer disease (AD) in the later stages of life. Certain antioxidant
agents such as dietary polyphenols, taken in adequate quantities, have
been suggested to improve the cognitive processes. In this study, we
examined the effect of oral administration of dark chocolate
(DC) containing 70% cocoa solids and 4% total polyphenol content for
three months at a dose of 500 mg/Kg body weight per day to 17-month-old
monosodium glutamate treated obese Sprague-Dawley rats, earlier
characterized as a nontransgenic AD (NTAD) rat model after reversal of
obesity, diabetes, and consequent cognitive impairments. The results
demonstrated that DC reduced the hyperglycemia, inhibited the
cholinesterase activity in the hippocampal tissue homogenates, and
improved the cognitive performance in spatial memory related Barnes maze
task. Histological studies revealed an increase in cell volume in the
DC treated rats in the CA3 region of the hippocampus. These findings
demonstrated the benefits of DC in enhancing cognitive function and
cholinergic activity in the hippocampus of the aged NTAD rats while
correcting their metabolic disturbances.
KEYWORDS:
Alzheimer disease; cognitive impairment; dark chocolate; diabesity; monosodium glutamate- PMID:
- 26673833
- DOI:
- 10.3109/19390211.2015.1108946
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