Tässä blogissani on seikkoja terveellisistä ravintotekijöistä ja kehon luonnollisesta puolustuksesta, jota voi tukea terveellisen ravitsemuksen ja terveellisten elämäntapojen avulla.
PASSIOHEDELMÄ Passiflora edulis . Tämän kuvan otin kadunvarrelta Haifassa toukokuussa 2017.
Näitä Passiflora penrai oli siellä täällä yksityistalojen puutarhoissa. Torikaupasta Akkossa sai ostaa vastapuristettua tuoretta passiflora- juissia jääpalojen kera hellepäivinä. Aivan ihana juoma!
lisälukemista:
Lestrup. T. 2008, Tutti frutti – Kaiken maailman hedelmät tutuiksi, Karisto Oy:n kirjapaino, Hämeenlinna 2008
http://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punapassio
Delicious, passion fruit is a rich source of antioxidants, minerals,
vitamins, and fiber. 100 g fruit contains about 97 calories.
The fruit is an excellent source of dietary fiber. 100 g fruit pulp
contains 10.4 g or 27% of fiber. A good fiber in the diet helps remove
cholesterol from the body. Being a good bulk laxative, it also helps
protect the colon mucosa by decreasing exposure time to toxic substances
in the colon and wiping off the cancer-causing toxic substances from
the colon.
Passion fruit is good in vitamin-C, providing about 30 mg per
100 g. Vitamin-C (ascorbic acid) is a powerful water-soluble
antioxidant. Consumption of fruits rich in vitamin-C helps the human
body develop resistance against flu-like infectious agents and scavenge
harmful, pro-inflammatory free radicals.
The fruit carries very good levels of vitamin-A (provides about
1274 IU per 100 g), and flavonoid antioxidants such as
ß-carotene and cryptoxanthin-ß. Current research studies suggest that
these compounds have antioxidant properties, and along with vitamin-A
are essential for good eyesight.
Vitamin-A also required for maintaining healthy mucosa and skin.
Consumption of natural fruits rich in vitamin-A and flavonoids may help
to protect from lung and oral cavity cancers.
Fresh granadilla is very rich in potassium. 100 g fruit pulp has
about 348 mg of potassium. Potassium is a major component of cells and
body fluids and helps regulate heart rate and blood pressure.
Furthermore, granadilla is an excellent source of minerals. Iron,
copper, magnesium and phosphorus are present in adequate amounts in the
fruit.
Evaluation of the antioxidant activity of passion fruit (Passiflora edulis and Passiflora alata) extracts on stimulated neutrophils and myeloperoxidase activity assays
Polymorphonuclear neutrophils
(PMN) are specialised for their primary function of phagocytosis, with
highly developed mechanisms for intracellular digestion of particles,
such as pathogens and cell debris. However, excessive activation of PMN
generates reactive oxygen species (ROS). In addition to producing ROS,
neutrophil granules discharge hydrolytic and proteolytic enzymes, which
are implicated in several human and animal diseases, such as
neurodegenerative disorders, cancer, cardiovascular diseases,
atherosclerosis, cataracts, DNA damage and inflammation, etc. (Babior, 2000, Klebanoff, 2005).
Myeloperoxidase
(MPO), a specific granular enzyme of PMN, is considered as a marker of
stimulated PMN and contributes to oxidative stress by generating oxidant
species, particularly hypochlorous acid (HOCl), an important microbial
killer through both oxidation and chlorination reactions (Deby-Dupont et al., 1999, Serteyn et al., 2003).
MPO is released in the extracellular medium by highly stimulated and
dying neutrophils in pathological conditions of acute and chronic
inflammation. Under these conditions, MPO is able to exert oxidant
activity on neighbouring cells and tissues (Klebanoff, 2005).
Many
molecules, such as phenolic compounds, are known to possess antioxidant
activity that inhibits oxidative damage and may consequently prevent
inflammatory conditions (Khanna et al., 2007), ageing and neurodegenerative diseases (Fusco, Colloca, Monaco, & Cesari, 2007). Recent studies have focused on the health effects of phenols, including flavonoids from fruit and vegetables (Conforti et al., 2009, Vila et al., 2008). Phenolic compounds are present in many plants, such as Passiflora edulis and Passiflora alata, mainly belonging to the flavones C-glucoside class (Dhawan, Dhawan, & Sharma, 2004). Isoorientin (Fig. 1), a C-glucoside flavone found in P. edulis (Dhawan et al., 2004), was also found to be the major flavonoid in pulp extracts of this species. In fact, the total flavonoid content in P. edulis
pulp was reported to be quite significant in comparison with other
beverages that are sources of flavonoids, such as orange juice and
sugarcane juice (Zeraik & Yariwake, 2010).
The aforementioned Passiflora species are widely cultivated and consumed in Brazil: P. edulis pulp is used mainly in the industrial production of juice, while P. alata is typically consumed fresh due to its sweeter taste (Carvalho-Okano & Vieira, 2001).
Passion fruit rind, the main by-product of the juice industry, contains
pectin, a highly valued functional food ingredient widely used as a
gelling agent and stabiliser (Pinheiro et al., 2008). These rinds have also been studied for use in the production of candy and flour for human consumption (Ramos et al., 2007).
Due to its high nutritional value and flavonoid contents,
investigations to evaluate the potential of passion fruit as a
functional food or a source of active compounds for antioxidant or
anti-inflammatory purposes are very important. Moreover, although
agroindustrial by-products may be rich sources of bioactive compounds (Balasundram, Sundram, & Samman, 2006), the use of passion fruit rinds still requires further studies.
Recent
studies have shown the potential of passion fruit and its rind for
several purposes, such as the antihypertensive effect of passion fruit
rind attributed partially to the vasodilatory effect of polyphenols,
especially the flavonoid luteolin (Ichimura et al., 2006).
However, the pulp biological activity that has been the most
extensively studied is its antioxidant activity, using various methods,
such as DPPH, FRAP, ABTS and DMPD (Kuskoski et al., 2005, Vasco et al., 2008).
These methods explore mainly the stoichiometric activity of extracts by
measuring the ability of polyphenolic molecules to trap or neutralise
radical species generated by in vitro molecular models. Some in vivo studies have detected anti-inflammatory activity of P. edulis and P. alata leaves (Vargas et al., 2007, Zucolotto et al., 2009)
by using a carrageenan-induced pleurisy model in mice. These studies
showed a decrease of MPO activity, which was associated with a decrease
of neutrophil influx. However, the effect of these extracts on ROS
produced by stimulated neutrophils and on the true enzymatic activity of
MPO, considered as a target for new drug development (Malle, Furtmuller, Sattler, & Obinger, 2007) has not been studied.
The originality of this work was to study the antioxidant activities of
passion fruit extracts in a model that distinguishes between two
important aspects of the antioxidant activity of a molecule or an
extract, either its stoichiometric activity of ROS trapping or its
anticatalytic activity by blocking the active site of an
oxidant-producing enzyme. In the present study, we assessed the
antioxidant activities on phorbol myristate acetate-stimulated equine
neutrophils and on purified equine MPO of dry methanol extracts from raw
pulp of P. alata and P. edulis and also from the rind of P. edulis fruit infected or not with the passion fruit woodiness virus (PWV) (Trevisan et al., 2006).
The stoichiometric effect of the extracts on the production of ROS by
PMN was measured by lucigenin-enhanced chemiluminescence (CL), while the
anticatalytic effect on the activity of purified MPO was evaluated by
SIEFED (Specific Immunological Extraction Followed by Enzymatic
Detection), a method whereby the drug interaction with the enzyme can be
studied without interference from the reaction medium (Franck et al., 2006). Additionally, the isoorientin content in the extracts was determined by HPLC–UV/DAD.
....
4. Conclusions
P. edulis rinds exhibited a higher activity than P. alata
towards the oxidant response of equine PMN, including ROS production
and MPO activity. This antioxidant activity was correlated with the
isoorientin content in the P. edulis extracts, and suggests
that the passion fruit rinds – a by-product of the passion fruit
processing industry – are a possible source of natural antioxidants that
should be more carefully evaluated. In addition, the combination of the
neutrophil and the myeloperoxidase models, both cells and enzyme
playing important roles in ROS and radical species production, appears
as an efficient tool to detect and distinguish between the
stoichiometric and anticatalytic antioxidant activities of natural
compounds with potential therapeutic effects on oxidant stress and
inflammation.
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